A Descriptive Bibliography of Edmond Hoyle

A User Guide

Copyright © 2014-26 by David Levy

(page updated 2026-05-20)

A Descriptive Bibliography of Edmond Hoyle contains bibliographical descriptions of 325 books by Edmond Hoyle or branded as Hoyle. The descriptions include collations, title page transcriptions, photographs, contents, colophons, holdings, and more. A Century and a Quarter of Hoyle: A Companion to A Descriptive Bibliography of Hoyle is a book in process. The Companion goes beyond description, addressing what Michael Suarez called the animating question of bibliography, “How did this book come to be the way it is?”[1] The Companion considers how the books relate one to another. It considers collateral evidence, such as newspaper advertisements, business records, and court pleadings which can establish precise publication dates, print runs, and details of copyright ownership.

From that data we can often establish narratives of Hoyle’s publication history. This user guide discusses how the online bibliography is organized and what tools are available to locate books within it. It also details what is found in the technical descriptions. Together with the Companion, it examines the bibliographical and book-historical publication of Edmond Hoyle.

Organization of Bibliography

The descriptions are organized into ten main headings:

Within each heading, books are further categorized into sub-headings. For example, the heading “Separate Works” is further divided into nine works, listed by short title, such as A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist or The Laws of the Game of Whist Designed for Framing.

Click on a sub-heading to see the books described in the bibliography. For example, clicking on A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist will take you to a list of eight authorized versions printed in London and four pirated versions. Clicking on The Laws of the Game of Whist Designed for Framing will take you to a list of two authorized editions printed in London. From these lists, you can click on a label to see the description of the work. So, from the heading “Separate Works” and the sub-heading A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, you can click on Whist.1.1 to see a description of the first edition, first issue of Hoyle’s first book.

In addition to the eight headings, the bibliography provides search tools to help locate a particular Hoyle or to show how the books relate to each other.

Chronological Listing

Click on Chronological Listing for a listing of all books in the bibliography. Each book will show a date, evidence for the date, a label, and a short description. Click on a label to see the bibliographical description. The date is given as precisely as evidence allows, either the exact date, the month or the year. A small number of later books could not be dated. Throughout the bibliography, dates are shown in in YYYY-MM-DD, YYYY-MM or YYYY format.

Internal evidence for dating includes a date on the title page, a copyright notice (Longworth.1), a dedication (Richardson.Backgammon.1818), a frontispiece (Scott.11), or an imprimatur (Reycends.Whist.Fr.1765.Reycends). In one case, (Freeman.Whist.1806), a date was taken from a watermark. External evidence includes newspaper advertisements, contemporary reviews, or business records of the Stationers’ Company or the Longman firm. For collections the date is inferred from the separately printed component works. Finally, I occasionally infer a date from the addresses of the printer or publisher.

Holdings

Click on Holdings to see a geographic breakdown of copies of Hoyle known to me held by institutions and private collectors. The geographic breakdown follows ESTC practice in separating the British Isles, Continental Europe, North America, and Other. For each category, the page shows the number of titles held and the number of copies held. You can click on any of the geographic locations to see a list of the holding institutions and private collections. A library code identifies the institution, followed by the name and location of the institution, and the number of titles and copies held.

Click on a holder to see a list of Hoyles held by the institution or private collector. For each book, there will be the label, a description, and the shelfmark within square brackets. If an institution holds multiple copies of the same book, two shelfmarks are listed, separated by a semicolon. For example, the National Library of Scotland holds two copies of Jones.8, shelfmarks [L.C.1973] and [PCL.Add.1].

Titles and Copies Held

The count of titles and copies held reflects the number of entries in the bibliography held by the institution. The count is useful to show which libraries have strong collections of Hoyle. For example, in the British Isles, the best collections are at the Bodleian and British Libraries, in Continental Europe at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in the Hague, and in North America at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, Cleveland Public Library, and Vanderbilt.

Counts do not necessarily match the number of physical books because of what I have called collections. A collection consisting of four separately published titles would count as five titles held and five copies held, the four separate works plus the collection itself.

Library Codes

Library codes for institutions are taken from many sources.

There were occasional conflicts. For example, ESTC uses C for both Cambridge University Library and California State Library and distinguishes them with regional prefixes, ‘b’ for the British Isles and ‘n’ for North America. That approach creates much visual clutter in the vast majority of cases where there is no conflict. There is a second type of conflict because the bibliography is online and the holdings of each library are accessed by a URL which embeds the library code. Best practice for URLs is to make them lower case causing a conflict between Lu (ESTC code for the Senate House Library at the University of London) and LU (Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge).

In his bibliography of Eliza Haywood, Patrick Spedding usefully resolved similar conflicts by adding an asterisk for the library with fewer holdings.[2] I have altered that approach slightly because an asterisk is not a recommended character in a filename or URL. I have added “-2” to the library with fewer holdings. So, Cambridge is C and California State Library is C-2. LU is Louisiana State and Lu-2 is the Senate House Library, although the filenames and URLs are in lower case.

For a full list of library codes see Library Codes and Catalogues.

Indexes

There are seven indexes which facilitate locating the bibliographical description of a book. Click on the index to see a list of titles. Each book will show a label and short description. Click on a label to see the full bibliographical description. The basic indexes are as follows:

Producers

There are indices for printers and publishers of each book where they can be identified. For details on how printers and publishers are determined, see the Responsibility Statement section. Click on Printers or Publishers to see an alphabetical list of printers or publishers with a chronologic list of books below each one.

An effort was made to group related individuals or firms. For example, William Shackell established a printing firm which later did business first as Shackell and Arrowsmith, and then as Shackell, Arrowsmith, and Hodges. There is an overall entry “Shackell” with the three firm names listed below. Similar changes occur within a family firm. John Newbery was one of the publishers of Games.6. Upon his death he was succeeded by his nephew Francis, who was in turn succeeded by his wife Elizabeth. There is an overall entry “Newbery” with the three family members listed below it.

References

Chapter nine of the Companion discusses reference works on gaming literature. The online bibliography provides a search tool for editions of Hoyle covered in the seven most useful references:

The references are shown in small capitals throughout the bibliography and the Companion. Click on a reference work to get a list of editions of Hoyle covered in the work. Except for Marshall, the list will show the entry number in the bibliography. For example, if you click on Jessel, the first item is his entry 89, Beaufort.1, Hoyle’s Games Improved, printed for S. Bladon, first London edition, 1775. Marshall did not number the books he discussed, so the bibliography locates his discussion in Notes and Queries, giving the series, number, and page number. For example, Marshall discusses Whist.1.1 in Notes and Queries, series 7, number 8, page 3 which is shown as s7:8:3.

Library Codes and Catalogues

The final item shows links to online public access catalogues. Listed first are a small number of union catalogues, followed by a list of each library which holds a copy of Hoyle recorded in the bibliography. These are organized geographically as discussed in the holdings section. Click on a library code to visit the search page of the library’s online public access catalogue. Libraries occasionally change the software for their catalogue or change the URL for the search function, so links on the page may become outdated.

Bibliographical Descriptions

In general, bibliographical descriptions follow the practice of Bowers, as updated by Tanselle, and digested by Carlo Dumontet in Collation, Reference Notation & Statement of Signing: A Workbook (The Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2024). The descriptions consist of many elements, not all of which will be present in every book. The elements which will be discussed in turn are:

Elements marked with an asterisk will be present in every book I have seen. There are twenty-eight books of which I have seen no copies, and they may lack even those elements marked with an asterisk.

Labels

General Form

A label is a unique identifier for each entry in the bibliography. For portions of the bibiography that I expect to be complete, labels are of the form Work.Edition. See below for how I define "work." When there are multiple issues of an edition, the label is of the form Work.Edition.Issue. Accordingly, Whist.1.1 is the first edition, first issue of A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, Whist.1.2 is a reissue of the first edition, and Whist.2 is the only issue of the second edition. I used extensions for two unusual publishing practices dealing with books and their parts. A different sort of modification is used for piracies and reprints. Finally, collections, books made up of multiple separately published pamphlets have a different scheme for labels.

There are portions of the bibliography which are likely to be incomplete. I continue to find new examples of cheap editions of Hoyle, particularly chapbooks. New translations of Whist into French are another category where I continue to find new imprints. When the bibliography is incomplete, one cannot be certain what edition a title represents, so it is risky to use a label Work.Edition. If I recorded Cheap.1 dated 1810 and Cheap.2 dated 1820 and labeled them as first and second editions, I risk a third version dated 1815 turning up. It would break the numbering scheme. See the discussion below about Cheap Books and Translations for my approach.

Work

For Hoyle's individual treatises, it is easy to name the work. They are generally called A Short Treatise on the Game of… with the list of games including whist, backgammon, piquet, etc. I used the name of the game as the work. For The Laws of the Game of Whist Designed for Framing, the work is “Laws” and for the essay on the doctrine of chances, the work is “Chances”.

Things are more complicated with anthologies. The first anthology came to be called Mr. Hoyle’s Games but had other titles as well. I used “Games” as the work. There are many later versions of Hoyle’s Games with various titles and editors, and I used an abbreviated title or the editor as the work:

Title Author or Editor Work
     
Hoyle's Games Improved James Beaufort Beaufort
Hoyle's Games Improved Charles Jones Jones
Hoyle's Games Improved “Thomas Jones” TJones
Hoyle's Games Improved and Enlarged G. H. GH
Pigott’s New Hoyle Charles Pigott Pigott
The New Pocket Hoyle Pocket
The New Pocket Hoyle Part II Charles Jackson Pocket2
An Epitome of Hoyle A Member of the Jockey Club Jockey

For all the books listed above, I expect the bibliography to be complete and use labels of the form Work.Edition.Issue.

There are two works that changed their title or imprint when reprinted. Christopher Etherington published Jockey.1 as An Epitome of Hoyle. John Wallis reset the type and published it as Every Man a Good Card Player, which I chose to label Jockey.2. Similarly, George Walker reprinted Pigott's New Hoyle, which I chose to label Pigott.5.

Robert Withy's publications present an awkward set of books to label. He first printed Twelve Rules for Whist on the back of a trade card for his stock brokerage business. He expanded the number of rules to twenty-four in a another book, and finally published a chapbook which included twenty-nine short rules. I have called the three whist books Withy.Whist12, Withy.Whist24, and Withy.Whist29. He also wrote Short Rules for Quadrille, labeled Withy.Quadrille. The bibliography treats the first two as cheap books where the bibliography is incomplete and labels them as described below. The bibliography is complete for Withy.Whist29 and Withy.Quadrille and the labels are completed with edition numbers. Withy's books are discussed in detail in chapter six of the Companion.

Books and their Parts

Two unusual publishing practices require extensions to the labeling scheme. The first practice, described more fully in chapter four of the Companion, is that extracts of larger works were published separately from the same setting of type. For example, in 1808, Companion to the Card Table was a separately published extract from the Charles Jones Hoyle’s Games Improved. The full work is labeled Work.Edition, here Jones.8. Separately published extracts are labeled Work.Edition followed by a hyphen and a sequential number, so Companion becomes Jones.8-1 and further extracts from the same work are Jones.8-2 through Jones.8-4. The numbering scheme is not to suggest priority in printing or publication, which in general I have been unable to determine.

The second practice is that publishers would reuse sections of books in multiple collections while never publishing the sections individually. For example, the second Dublin version of Backgammon (1753) does not appear to have been sold by itself but is found in two collections, Ewing.C (1753) and Ewing.D (1761). Even though it was not published separately, it is consistent with how collections are treated to include it in the bibliography. I have added an asterisk to the label to indicate it was not separately available for purchase. See Backgammon.D.2*.

Piracies and Reprints

For piracies and reprints, the label indicates the work copied and further detail about editions and issues of the piracy or reprint. For example, Whist.1.P.1.1 is a bibliographically complex work discussed in detail in chapter two. It is the first piracy of the first edition of Whist, hence the label begins Whist.1.P.1[3] and is itself the first of two editions of the piracy, so it is fully labeled Whist.1.P.1.1. Whist.1.P.1.2 is the second edition, while Whist.1.P.2 is the only edition of the second piracy.

Similarly, Games.3.R.1 is the first reprint of Games.3 while Games.3.R.2 is the second. They are reprints rather than piracies as they were printed after the copyright for Games.3 had expired.

Collections

The bibliography introduces collection as a new bibliographical classification, defined as a book made up of separately printed works bound together and put on sale as a consciously planned unit. Collections are discussed in detail in chapter eight of the Companion. Collections have labels of the form Publisher.Sequence. The publisher is the bookseller who caused the separate works to be printed and bound together and collections that are made up differently are identified by a letter indicating sequence, such as Cogan.A, Cogan.B, etc. Similarly, in Dublin, some of the Polite Gamesters are collections, labeled Ewing.A, Ewing.B, etc.

Dublin, America, Translations

I have distinguished works printed in Dublin, America, and the Continent, by adding an abbreviation to the label indicating where, or in what language the book was published. After the abbreviation is the usual edition and, if needed, issue. So, Whist.D.1 is the only issue of the first edition of Whist published in Dublin (“D”). Dublin collections follow the pattern Publisher.Sequence, for example Ewing.A or Wilson.B, omitting the "D" for simplicity as the publishers were active only in Dublin. Similary, the collected editions in Dublin have labels such as Polite.1.1, omitting the "D" as The Polite Gamester was not printed outside of Dublin.

Labels in America and the continent are similar. Beaufort.US.1.1 is the first edition, first issue of the American printing of Hoyle’s Games Improved by James Beaufort and Whist.Pt.1 is the first edition of Whist published in Portuguese.[5]

Cheap Books and Translations

When I find new editions of Hoyle that are not in the bibliogrphy, they tend to fall into one of two categories. First are cheap abridgements of Hoyle, particularly in the form of chapbooks. Most of these are copied or inspired by the Withy chapbooks on whist and quadrille. Later publishers extended the format to the games of backgammon, chess, and draughts or cheap anothologies treating multiple games. The chapbooks were frequently published and not often collected, so that previously unknown imprints turn up occasionally. Rather than attempting the task of assigning editions and issues to the chapbooks, I have labeled them in the form Publisher.Work.Year, for example Allman.Whist.1819, allowing subsequent discoveries to be included in the labeling scheme. Typical of the cheap anthologies is Hughes.Games.1824.[6]

The second area where the bibliography is potentially incomplete is French translations of Hoyle’s Whist. Whist was translated into French at least five times and some of the translations were frequently reprinted, as discussed in Depaulis-2. New translations continue to turn up, so the labels are of the form Publisher.Whist.Fr.Year as is visible here.

It is also possible that the bibliography is not complete for chapbooks in translation, so labels are of the form Publisher.Work.Language.Date, as in Burgdorfer.Whist.Fr.1808, Baumgartner.Whist.De.1793, or Balatresi.Whist.It.1823.

In infrequent cases, labels of the form Publisher.Work.Date mask an important bit of bibliographical information. For example, Desoer published a French translation of Whist in 1773, labeled Desoer.Whist.Fr.1773 and reissued the book with a cancel title in 1781, labeled Desoer.Whist.Fr.1781. A label of the form Work.Edition.Issue would reveal the relationship between the two books, but where I can't accurately determine editions, the labels lose the relationship. Such reissues are identified in the notes section of the bibliogrpahical description.

Stereotyped Books

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Short Description

In each bibliographical description, the label is followed by identifying information consisting of a short title, short imprint, short description, statement of edition, and the publication year. Where the edition stated on the title page differs from bibliographical standards, it is in double quotation marks.

Title Pages

The description begins with a title page. The title page is transcribed according to the conventions of quasi-facsimile transcription. Other significant pages may be transcribed, including half titles, frontispieces, and engraved titles. For some books, covering material may be transcribed, including printed covers, labels affixed to a cover, slipcases, or wrappers. Anthologies frequently have section titles which are transcribed. Cancel titles and cancel section titles are transcribed. If a book is in the Levy collection, photographs may be included.

Collation

As noted, bibliographical descriptions follow the practice of Bowers, as updated by Tanselle. With regards to the collation statement, there are several minor departures from Bowers:

Collected Parts

The description of a collection will include a list of its component parts with links to the description of each part.[10]

Contents and Running Titles

The online bibliography includes a section describing the contents of each book and records running titles. Most of the books described are anthologies, treating many games. The contents indicate how much material there is for each game.

Because the running titles and the contents generally change together as the game changes, I have used a novel format for displaying both in a single table. Each row of the table contains four items:

Signature and Page References

References can be to a single leaf or to a range of leaves. They will always include the signature of the single leaf or the first and last signatures of a range. Where the leaf has a page number or the page number can be inferred, the page number will be shown in parenthesis after the signature. For example, in Games.1.1, the half title is on A1r and there is no printed or inferred page number. The section title for quadrille is on F1r (97) with an inferred page number. The text for whist is on B1r–E6v (1–84) where the first page number of the range is inferred and the last printed.

Three situations are worth noting. First, when the first leaf of a range is unnumbered and the final leaf numbered, I have split it into two ranges to avoid to awkward A2r–L12v (–240). Instead, I prefer A2r–A2v without page references followed by B1r–L12v (1–240). See Games.1.2. Second, one must not assume that a range such as B1–L12v (1–240) gives an accurate page count, but only that the first leaf is numbered 1 and the final leaf 240. In Games.1.2, there are no pages numbered 85-96 and one must refer to the collation statement for precise pagination. Third, when there is a signing error (F1 missigned A1), all reference will be to the intended signing or numbering of a leaf and not to the error.

For books signed numerically, references follow the standard practice of using a subscript for the leaf reference to distinguish it from a signature. For example, the material on whist in Bioren.1 is on 11r–41r (5–41).

There are two additional things to note about the references. First, I have departed from the usual practice of using superscripts for recto and verso, preferring B1r and B1v to B1r and B1v. It seems much easier to distinguish the two with regularly sized type. Second, the software used to produce the online bibliography also verifies the consistency of the references. That is when a reference is given as B1r–E6v (1–84), the software verifies that B1r is page 1 and E6v is page 84.

Contents

The contents are either short descriptions or quasi-facsimile transcription. Short descriptions include things like half title, title, section title Whist, blank, colophon, etc. which are typically referenced elsewhere in the description. Quasi-facsimile transcription will appear within smart single quotes according to conventions described below.

Running Titles

Running titles are transcribed according to the conventions of quasi-facsimile transcription within smart single quotes according to the conventions described below. When there are different running titles on the verso and recto, each is transcribed in the form ‘verso | recto’. When they are the same, only one is transcribed with no vertical stroke.

A range of generally identical running titles is occasionally broken by an anomalous one. In such cases the range is shown, with the anomaly shown below. For example, in Games.2, the section on whist has running titles transcribed as ‘A ſhort Treatise on | the Game of WHIST.’ On page three, the compositor set the work “game” in all capitals rather than small caps, and the transcription notes “on B2r(3) ‘the GAME of WHIST.’

Reissues

Where a book has been reissued, the new material is described in the contents and running title sections, but links are provided to the original issue. For example, Piquet.1.2 describes the new title page A1, but the rest of the description links to Piquet.1.1.

Plates

The bibliography describes plates and provides their location within the book. The description includes the type of engraving (woodblock, engraving, etc.) and describes the print. Quasi-facsimile transcription may appear between smart single quotes. Woodblock illustrations that were printed along with the text are located by signature and page reference. Engravings that went through a separate press are located are located before or after a signature and page reference. For example, Jones.2 has a woodblock print of a draught table on K7r(205) and a copperplate engraving of a billiards table after N6v(276).

Catchwords

The bibliography records anomalous catchwords, and their location. The actual word on the next page is shown in brackets. Where a catchword abbreviates the word on the following page, it is not considered an anomaly.

Press Figures

The bibliography records press figures by signature reference. After the reference, the forme is noted in parenthesis, “o” for outer and “i” for inner, followed by the press figure. For example, Backgammon.1 has the press figure “1” in three locations: B2v(o):1; B11v(i):1; D2v(o):1.

Where a book is printed by half-sheet imposition, the forme is always recorded as outer, for example Whist.1.P.1.2.

Responsibility Statement

The responsibility statement identifies the publishers, printers, and translators responsible for the book.

Publishers

The publishers are the copyright owners and may differ from the names found on the imprint in several cases:

Printers

Rarely, a printer can be identified from an imprint. For example Whist.1.1 was “printed by John Watts for the author.” More frequently a colophon reveals a printer as in Jones.6, where the colophon is “Ritchie, Printer, Cloth Fair.” In the case of Games.4, a newspaper advertisement identifies the printer as Henry Woodfall. In general, however, there is no direct evidence for who printed a book.

Often printers can be identified from their use of woodblock ornaments to decorate a text. If one can match the use of a woodblock ornament in a book without a known printer to a book with a known printer, it is likely that the same printer printed both books. There are theoretical objections to identifying printers by ornaments. One printer may have loaned his ornaments to another. A book may be the result of printing shared by two printers. Two printers may have had nearly identical ornaments.[11] Nonetheless, the most likely explanation is that ornaments are tied to a printer and can be used to identify a printer.

There are published catalogues of the ornaments of several eighteenth-century London printers:

Until 2016, further ornament research depended on ECCO, Eighteenth Century Collections Online, a project which had digitized many books published before 1800.[12] With the 2016 appearance of the Compositor website, relaunched as Fleuron in 2000, the opportunities for ornament research are improved.[13] For example, I used Compositor to identify John Watts as the printer of Piquet.1.1.[14].

Ornament catalogues must be used with a bit of care. For example, the one ornament in Chess.1, printed for Thomas Osborne, Stanley Crowder, and Richard Baldwin in 1761 is Ross 31, an ornament that belonged to Charles Akers. Akers, however, died in 1759. Henry Baldwin, a cousin of Richard, took over Akers’ and printed books for his cousin.[15]. I identify Henry Baldwin as the printer, based on ornament usage.

When the online bibliography identifies a printer, it describes the evidence for the identification, typically an imprint, ornament usage, or a newspaper advertisement.

Translators

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Notices

While researching Hoyle, I have found digitized copies of more than one thousand contemporary newspaper advertisements. The best source for digitized newspapers is the Burney Collection at the British Library, digitized by Gale. Other sources include The London Times, The New York Times, and other services such as Newspapers.com.

The bibliography shows the earliest advertisement I have found for a book, citing date in YYYY-MM-DD format, the newspaper, and a quotation from the advertisement. Later advertisements that provide new information such as price are also recorded. The advertisements allow us to date books that are otherwise undated and to provide a more precise publication date than the year on the title page.

Where I have found reviews of published books, I have noted them as well.

Price

Book prices are recorded when known. The price shows the amount, the currency, and the evidence to support the price. Most prices are in shillings (“s.”) and pence (“d.”). Other currencies include Swiss batzen (“b.”), Swiss centimes (“c.”), French sol (“sol.”), Italian grana (“gr.”), English guineas (“gn.”), Italian lira (“lir.”), and American dollars (“$”) and cents (“¢”). The bibliography records the evidence for ascertaining the price, most frequently the title page or cover, or newspaper advertisements. When booksellers lowered the price of a book, both prices are noted, as in Chances.2.

References

References generally give an entry number. An exception is Marshall, where references locate Marshall’s discussion in Notes and Queries, giving the series, number, page number, and date. Occasionally, Marshall discusses the same work in multiple articles. For examples Whist.1.1 has the following references: “ESTC T203439, Jessel 769, Marshall s7 no.8 p3 (1889-07-06), Marshall s7 no.8 p83 (1889-08-03), Rather 1”.

Imprimatur

A small number of continental translations have an imprimatur. The location of the imprimatur is recorded in the contents section and rendered in quasi-facsimile transcription between smart single quotes as in Whist.Pt.1.

Colophon

If present, the location of a colophon is noted in the contents and the rendered in quasi-facsimile transcription between smart single quotes as in GH.1. Some books record the printer both in the preliminaries and on the final page. I’ve treated the latter as the colophon, and described the former in the contents.

Copies

For each entry in the bibliography, I have endeavored to list as many copies of the book as I could find in institutional and private collections. I have distinguished “Copies Seen” form those I know about from online library catalogues or correspondence with librarians and collectors, which are noted as “Other Copies.” Each copy is identified by a library code and a shelfmark within square brackets.

I have also identified surrogates both in subscription databases such as ECCO and in free sources such as Google Books. Where the surrogate is freely available, I have provided a link to the free copy. Surrogates are shown along with the copy used to produce the surrogate. For example, the copy of Whist.2 at the British Library, L [1578/5673], is available in ECOO and Google Books. Where I have seen only the surrogate, but not the physical book, I have included the copy in “Other Copies” rather than “Copies Seen.”

Where a separately published book can also be found in a collection, I have recorded separately copies that were originally sold individually and copies that were originally sold in a collection. These appear in the sections “Copies Seen in Collections” and “Other Copies in Collections”. Chapter nine discusses the methods used for determining whether a copy was sold individually or in a collection.

Quasi-Facsimile Transcription

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Software Used to Create the Bibliography

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Footnotes

The Edmond Hoyle Home Page